Economic Activities in Turkey (Turkiye): Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

As of 2024, Turkey (Türkiye) has a population of about 85.5 million, ranking 17th globally. Located in the Middle East, it covers a total area of 785,350 square kilometers, ranking 35th worldwide, just below Pakistan.

As of 2024, Turkey has a GDP of about $1.32 trillion, ranking 17th globally (World Bank). In terms of GDP per capita, Turkey stands at approximately $15,473.

Turkey’s economic position reflects its significant contributions to various industries and its growing presence in the global market, positioning it as a key player in the region.

What are the economic activities of Turkey (Turkiye)?

• Primary activities: 6.8% of GDP.
• Secondary activities: 32.3% of GDP.
• Tertiary activities: 60.7% of GDP.

Primary Sector of Turkey (Turkiye)

Turkey’s primary sector, particularly its agricultural activities, thrives due to its diverse climate and abundant natural resources. With 49.49% of the land dedicated to agriculture, the country produces a variety of crops and animal products. The main agricultural products include milk, wheat, sugar beets, tomatoes, barley, maize, potatoes, apples, grapes, and watermelons.

Despite contributing only 6.8% to the GDP, agriculture plays a crucial role in providing employment and sustaining rural livelihoods. The wide range of agricultural products highlights the sector’s significance in ensuring food security and promoting economic stability in Turkey.

With its diverse geological landscape, the primary sector thrives in Turkey. Abundant in resources like coal, iron ore, and copper, it fuels the economy. Other key resources include gold, marble, and hydropower, supporting various industries and agriculture. The country’s rich natural endowments drive growth and development in the primary sector.

Secondary Sector of Turkey (Turkiye)

What is the secondary sector or what are secondary activities?The secondary sector involves industries that transform raw materials into finished products. In Turkey, industrial products include textiles, food processing, automobiles, electronics, coal, chromate, copper, boron, steel, petroleum, construction materials, lumber, and paper.Manufactures play a crucial role in Turkey’s total exports, accounting for 73.25% in 2023. They drive economic growth, create jobs, and contribute significantly to the country’s trade balance.

Tertiary sector of Turkey (Turkiye)

What is the tertiary sector or what are tertiary activities?The tertiary sector, also known as the service sector, encompasses intangible goods like advice and expertise. In Turkey, key tertiary activities include restaurants, healthcare, education, banking, communication, tourism, and transportation. These services play a vital role in the country’s economy, catering to both consumer and business needs.Of particular importance, Turkey’s tourism industry is a vital economic pillar, contributing significantly to its GDP and employment. As of 2024, the country welcomed a record 52.6 million international arrivals, underscoring its undeniable allure. Istanbul, with its rich history and vibrant culture, and Antalya, renowned for its breathtaking beaches and resorts, stand out as top destinations.Another example of tertiary economic activity is the mobile cellular sector, with approximately 90 million subscriptions, exceeding the population. This connectivity fosters technological growth, enhancing innovation and digital services.

Military Activities and Economic Sectors of Turkey (Turkiye)

The military is a great example of how different economic activities work together. In Turkey, the primary sector helps by providing resources needed for military use. The secondary sector is important too, as it manufactures weapons and equipment. The tertiary sector includes services like logistics and training. The quaternary sector focuses on research and development, while the quinary sector involves high-level decision-making and strategy planning.

As of 2024, Turkey’s military expenditure was about 25 billion US dollars, roughly 1.9% of its GDP (SIPRI). The country has an active military force of around 355,000 personnel, about 4 active members for every 1,000 people.

Biggest company in Turkey (Turkiye)

Which is the biggest company in Turkey? As of 2025, one of the largest Turkish companies by market capitalization is Aselsan (Aselsan Elektronik Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.), with a market value of roughly $39 billion. It is a defense electronics manufacturer, part of the Secondary economic sector, and was founded in 1975.

International Trade of Turkey (Turkiye)

Import Activities of Turkey (Turkiye)

As of 2024, Turkey’s imports totaled about $344 billion (roughly 26% of GDP), according to TurkStat.Turkey’s key import partners are China, Germany, Russia, the US, and Italy. The country primarily imports gold, refined petroleum, plastics, scrap iron, and cars. These imports play a crucial role in driving Turkey’s economy and meeting the demands of its industries.

Exports Activities of Turkey (Turkiye)

As of 2024, Turkey’s exports totaled a record $262 billion (about 20% of GDP), underscoring the crucial role exports play in Turkey’s economy.Turkey’s export activities are diverse, with top partners like Germany, the US, Iraq, the UK, and Italy. Key export commodities include garments, refined petroleum, cars, jewelry, and plastic products.

Turkey (Turkiye) economy challenges in 2024

In 2024, Turkey faces challenges of stabilizing its economy after inflation and currency depreciation. The reversal of expansionary policies is underway, aiming to address these issues. The country’s industrialization and agricultural base provide a foundation for recovery.

Sources

• World Bank: Türkiye Data
• CIA World Factbook: Turkey (Türkiye)
• IMF: Türkiye Country Profile
• UN Comtrade Plus: Trade Flow

Last updated: June 19, 2026